For two thousand years, from the Greek philosophers until Special Relativity, the Aether was understood as the underlying structure of the universe. The change occurred when the Michelson, Morley type experiments (MMX) failed to detect the earth moving through the Aether. The MMX, split a light source into two different paths. The two paths were recombined, the wave crest compared and length differences were expected to provide information on speed. After many attempts; no movement was detected. Perhaps, because the Aether determines the Speed Of Light (SOL.)
A photon is emitted from an electron. The electron determines frequency. The Aether environment determines the speed of the photon. Therefore, any and all measurements of the SOL, within the Aether, will be approximately 299,792,458 meters per second. "Approximately," because of gradients within the Aether. These gradients are why the SOL has never been precisely determined.
This e-book presents causes for many of the forces, effects and constants; Gravity, Inertia, Magnetism, Permittivity, Permeability, Origin of Matter, Mass deficits, Strong/Weak Forces, Neutron Decay, Radioactivity, Vacuum Energy and the Nature of Space.
The Aether has been known by many names: Quintessence, Luminiferous Ether, Aetherial Substance (Newton,) Mundane Corpuscles (Le Sage), Neutrino Sea, Gravity Field Energy, Dirac Sea, Fermi Sea, Higgs Sea, Photon Sea, Tachyon Field, Gluon Field, Quantum Sea of Energy, Zero Point Energy, Scalar Wave Fields, Superfluid Vacuum Theory, Einstein-Aether Scalar Field, Yang-mills Aether, Dynamic Aether and Hyper-Dimensional Virtual Aether.
Many scientist have acknowledged the Aether, in one form or another: Rene Descartes, Dmitril Mendeleev, Johannes Kepler, Herbert Eugene Ives, George F. Fitzgerald, Hendrick Lorentz, Joseph Larmor, Henri Poincare, Augustin Fresnel, George Stokes, Issac Newton, Robert Boyle, Georges Le Sage, Leonhard Euler, Thomas Young, Arthur Eddington, Heinrich Hertz, Lord Kelvin, James Maxwell, Georges Sagnac, Paul Dirac, Albert Michelson, Edward Morley, and Nikola Tesla.
Scientific research has been led astray. There are the examples. Fusion Reactor research, 60 years and $50 billion later, still in development. High energy research has only advanced high energy research. The Laser Interferometer Gravity-Wave Observatory (LIGO,) has redefined the word, "arcane." Quantum Electra-Dynamics (QED,) is lost in the details i. e., renormalizations. Higgs Boson, was not identified until it was discovered. In an effort to avoid arbitrary units, the constant "c" is defined as 299,792,458 meters per second. Circularly, the meter is defined distance light travels in 1/299,792,458ths of a second. Sadly, the second, itself, is arbitrary.
Since 1975, there have been more than 500 article abstracts referencing "Aether" in various scientific journals. Currently, there are 296 references for "Aether" in Arxiv article abstracts.
Albert Einstein, "To deny the aether is ultimately to assume that empty space has no physical qualities whatsoever" and "According to the general theory of relativity space without ether is unthinkable..."
